General Physical Examination

General Physical Examination

Pallor
Icterus
Cyanosis

Clubbing

1. Pulmonary
  • Bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma
  • Lung abscess
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Tuberculosis with secondary infection
  • Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis
  • Empyema
2. Cardiac
  • Infective endocarditis
  • Cyanotic congenital heart diseases, Eisenmenger’s physiology
  • Atrial myxoma
3. Alimentary

  • Ulcerative colitis
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Cholangiolitic cirrhosis
  • Biliary cirrhosis
  • Hepato-pulmonary syndrome
4. Endocrine
  • Myxedema
  • Thyroid acroachy (thyroid nails of hyperthyroidism e.g. in Grave’s disease)
5. Miscellaneous
  • Hereditary
  • Idiopathic
  • Unilateral: Pancoast tumor, subclavian and innominate artery aneurysm
  • Unidigital: Traumatic or trophi deposit in gou
  • Only in the upper limbs in heroin addicts due to chronic obstructive phlebitis

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